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Word. Press vs Joomla - Review. Revised on 3. 0 September 2. In this article I try to give you some pointers to make it easy to chose between the two popular content management systems. The basic difference between Word. Press and Joomla is that Joomla is a portal- or community type site while Word. Press is a blog. You can find those plugins almost everywhere on the internet. You can set articles to expire after a time, activate dates, author name, breadcrumbs etc. ![]() Free CSS has 2425 free website templates coded using HTML & CSS in its gallery. The HTML website templates that are showcased on Free CSS.com are the best that can be found in and around the net. Pearson Prentice Hall and our other respected imprints provide educational materials, technologies, assessments and related services across the secondary curriculum. Thus, Joomla gives you a lot of power in your hands and that is noticeable in the admin section where there are so many options that you get dizzy the first time you go in. You really should get a good book on Joomla if you want to set it up fast. Otherwise you end up fiddling around and getting nowhere for days. You can find a whole range of books on this subject with Packt Publishing. Adapting the look is simple if you are happy with changing some colors and the logo. Beyond that, you will find that Joomla has a complicated structure and even seasoned web developers have to go through a learning curve before they master the layout system, and that approach is different depending on the layout template you chose. Joomla has multi- lingual capability built- in. This works very well but it is not that simple. You have to follow a certain order over actions to make it work, but it is very powerful. Luckily, there are many video tutorials available on You. Tube. Just type “joomla multilingual” in the search box and you will find what you need. If you do not want to get involved in the gritty work of stylesheets, you can buy professional layout templates for a reasonable price (between $3. Joomla. Shack, for instance. There are extensions for it, like J2. XMLwhich does a good job, but migrating. These upgrades break a lot of extensions and migrating from older versions is not an easy task, especially when you have a complex setup with membership system, forum etc. Joomla promissed that it will make it easier from version 3,4 onwards. In God We Teach is the story of Matthew LaClair, a student at Kearny (NJ) public high school who secretly recorded his history teacher (David Paszkiewicz) in class, and accused him of proselytizing for Jesus. UPDATE:Hamish has started a DIY Book podcast! Back in 2000, I wrote an article for this website about how to produce your own book. Things have changed considerably since then, both in the technology. You state that Joomla! This might be true for version 1.0, in version 1.5 we have added a template in the default installation that. Plataforma para la denuncia ciudadana. El juez de la Audiencia Nacional Fernando Andreu admiti Activities and resources to help teach your child to read: Reading aloud, comprehension, letter recognition, decoding & sight words. Modules are best used for small pieces of content and media. Great for community sites, you can create a regular site with it but I would regard that as overkill. To Word. Press or not to Word. Press. Word. Press is basically a very user friendly blog system but it can be used as a regular site which you can update without any knowledge of html (the same goes for Joomla). You can create pages and posts, and with plugins, you can add a lot of functionality included standard in Joomla. Nothwithstanding, from a marketing standpoint, Word. Press is hard to resist. The interface is easy to understand, you won’t need a book for it, although buying a “Word. Press for Dummies” – book will save you some time if you have no experience with blog management at all. Readbag users suggest that grammar.pdf is worth reading. The file contains 352 page(s) and is free to view, download or print.Adapting the look requires some knowledge of CSS, the style sheet language. Like with Joomla, if you select a template/theme close to what you want, adapting the colors, logo etc. Since Word. Press has a logical structure, it is easy for a developer to change things around, place ad banners etc. For Joomla, it takes about 7. A regular html site can take up to a month to get listed in Google, so this is something to take into account. None of my plugins have broken between 3. Importing posts and pages from other WP sites is easy. There is built- in importer. Disadvantages of Word. Press: For instance, adding or removing post dates, need to be changed in design mode and it requires knowledge of WP scripting. The navigational structure is determined by the layout template you chose. Changing that structure again requires knowledge of the WP scripting language and CSS. In that sense, Joomla is much more a content management system. Also, changing the order of categories or pages is rather cumbersome in Word. Press. Joomla and Word. Press are both attacked on a regular basis. To minimize the threat, you at least should follow these measures: Updating the site as soon as there is a security update is therefore important. You also best install a firewall to block the most common attacks. For Joomla, you can use Admin. Tools, for Word. Press Word. Fence. Use the paid versions since the free ones only cover a part of the vulnerabilities. There are many other firewall plugins and some can even be combined to strengthen your security. If you work with members, force them to use strong, illogical passwords. What do I need for my video channel? You can add membership functionality in Word. Press but Joomla will handle membership much better as it is really made for things like that. Both systems are open source, which means they are adaptable in every direction. It is fine to start out with, but once you get serious traffic, move to a dedicated server or Virtual Private hosting. Connect with Earth. Link, the award- winning Internet service provider (ISP) you can trust! ![]() ![]() UEFIBooting - Community Help Wiki. Booting Linux natively on a UEFI system (without BIOS CSM) using GRUB2. Introduction. IMPORTANT: This page is a bit outdated. A newer and simpler documentation about UEFI is available here: UEFI. UEFI is the firmware that will eventually replace BIOS in commercial PCs. PCs certified for Windows 8 will require UEFI booting by default. Some of the notable UEFI firmwares are Phoenix Secure. Core Tiano, AMI Aptio, and Insyde H2. O. Caution if you want to dual boot. Due to bug 7. 69. This has resulted in the Windows bootloader being deleted for some users of Ubuntu 1. This issue has been resolved in Ubuntu 1. Non- Mac UEFI systems. Linux officially supports both the UEFI and BIOS firmware. However Windows supports UEFI only with Vista for x. ![]() Apple Mac EFI systems. Apple officially supports only EFI booting for Mac OS X, although technically it is possible to boot Mac OS X using BIOS firmware.
![]() Booting Linux using (U)EFI on Intel Macs has the following advantages : For dual- graphic card models, the power- saving card can be used (Nvidia 9. M, Intel GMA HD (aka 5. MHD), Intel GMA HD 3. Intel GMA HD 4. 00. Faster bootloading, because the legacy BIOS does not need to be loaded, and it does not need to search for BIOS bootable disks. SATA disks are accessed in AHCI mode instead of legacy IDE mode, allowing advanced features (native command queuing, aggressive link power management, and more) On Xserve models, there is no legacy BIOS layer, a. Use of hard disks larger than 2 Ti. Is GRUB the best bootloading solution? Windows 8.1 not showing up in GRUB bootloader after installing Linux Mint 17.1. Grub2Win boots native, open source GNU grub version 2.02 code. Everything is contained in a single 14 MB directory on your Windows C: drive. B (2. 2 TB) with GPT partitioning instead of MBR partitions. However it also has the following drawbacks : EFI booting is still experimental and not yet supported as a mainstream boot method on Macs, since Apple uses a nonstandard mix of EFI 1. UEFI 2. x functionalities (x. Models with Thunderbolt connectors only support external monitors with the discrete graphic card, not with the Intel integrated graphic card (the same limitation is also applicable on Mac. OS X). Some hardware features might not work reliably : screen brightness control, suspend/resume, etc. I primarily come from an x86 system background where BIOS (Firmware) is responsible for loading a bootloader (like GRUB) from PowerON which in turn loads the OS.Virtual terminals (Ctrl- Alt- function key) might not work with some graphic drivers (they stay black). OS kernel architecture (3. EFI architecture (unless . But the installer formats the EFI System Partition to FAT1. Intel Macs may fail to boot due to corrupted firmware. This feature is not recommended on Mac models because it can corrupt the firmware. The bug was fixed in Ubuntu 1. On Macs use only the Mac alternate ISO CDSetting up GRUB2 (U)EFIDetect (U)EFI firmware processor architecture. If you have a non- Mac UEFI system, then you have a x. Some of the known x. Some of the known systems using these firmwares are Asus EZ Mode BIOS (in Sandy Bridge P6. H6. 7 motherboards), MSI Click. BIOS, HP Elite. Books, Sony Vaio Z series, Lenovo Think. Pads (> =2. 01. Intel Server and Desktop motherboards Some machines (all Dell laptops, all new Apple from 2. Lenovo) have bugs in their UEFI firmware, preventing them from booting (black screen). Linux Kernel 3. 0 (and higher versions) includes patches with workarounds for them. Pre- 2. 00. 8 Macs usually have i. Macs have mostly x. All Macs capable of running Mac OS X Snow Leopard 6. Kernel have x. 86. Type the following command in a Mac. OS terminal : ioreg - l - p IODevice. Tree . Building GRUB2 (U)EFIDownload the latest grub. ZIP file (1. 9. 9 as of May 2. GOP and contains the . It is strongly recommended to use a Linux distribution to compile grub. UEFI firmware match. Building grub. 2 requires the following programs to be installed (build dependencies): bison. NLS support). freetype. Under Ubuntu 1. 2. For bzr development version checkout bzr branch - -revision - 1 bzr branch http: //bzr. For 3. 2- bit EFI: export EFI. Try the other EFI architecture. Install GRUB2 in (U)EFI systems. Boot into Linux (any live ISO) preferably in UEFI mode. Determine your EFI SYSTEM PARTITION or create it (> =1. Mi. B FAT3. 2 partition - GPT fdisk type code EF0. GNU Parted 'boot' flag in GPT). Then mount the partition at /mnt/EFISYS (or at any mountpoint you wish). The following code assumes /dev/sda. EFISYS partition. Now create a grub. EFISYS/efi/grub : sudo touch /mnt/EFISYS/efi/grub/grub. Make the firmware launch GRUB2 (U)EFI as default. Non- Mac x. 86. This requires the kernel to be booted in UEFI mode and that the kernel processor architecture should match the firmware architecture (and 'noefi' is NOT used) for 'efivars' kernel module to be loaded and efibootmgr to access the boot manager variables. Initially the user is required to manually launch /boot/efi/efi/grub/grub. BIOS mode. Then efibootmgr should be run to create the boot entry. Note the capital EFI, FAT3. UTF- 8 encoding by default. In that case the firmware uses capital 'EFI' instead of small . Also the path names in UEFI firmware are similar to Microsoft Windows path names and also uses backslashes (they are doubled because the shell interprets . Apple Mac EFI systems (both EFI architecture)For Macs you can choose any one of the 3 boot methods : r. EFIt/r. EFInd, Apple, and grub- only. Via r. EFIt/r. EFInd. The most flexible way to boot grub EFI is to load it from r. EFIt (version 0. 1. EFInd (version 0. It's quite easy, just copy grub. FAT or HFS+ partition, r. EFIt/r. EFInd will find it automatically and list it in the boot menu, along with the Mac. OS partition and all BIOS bootable partitions (also those on CD and USB drives). If you install the ext. Reiser. FS drivers provided with r. EFIt/r. EFInd, you can place your boot loader in the root or /efi/grub directory of any ext. Reiser. FS volume, as well. As of r. EFInd version 0. Using Apple bootloader itself (safest option)You need to use the following naming convention for grub. EFIBootloader path and filename. EFI/BOOT/BOOTIA3. EFI6. 4- bit/EFI/BOOT/BOOTX6. EFIWhen you press the Alt key during boot, your Intel Mac should show the disk as . In order to make the partition appear in the Apple boot picker menu, and be selectable as a startup disk, the boot partition should be in HFS+ format and have the following files : /mach. First, place grub. HFS+ partition. Detect where your grub. For example, in folder /Volumes/something, then uses bless it (type command in Mac. OS X terminal): sudo bless - -folder=/Volumes/something - -file=/Volumes/something/efi/grub/grub. Boot. Alternatively, the command . Selecting the (U)EFI Graphic Protocol. If you are getting this error on the screen upon booting a menu entry error: no suitable mode found. Otherwise detect which graphics protocol is supported by the firmware to enable only that module Non- Mac UEFI systems. Non Mac systems use only Graphics Output Protocol. Apple Mac EFI systems. For Macs detect the most reliable way to determine whether your hardware model has UGA (Universal Graphics Adapter) or GOP (Graphics Output Protocol) is to select . As a rule of thumb, models released after 2. Mac. Book. 5 and higher) should have GOP. Beware that on some Mac models (eg Mac. Book. Pro. 8,x), suspend/resume only works when none of efi. Selecting the graphic card. If your model has 2 graphics card and you wish to completely power down the discrete graphic card in order to save more power, you must add outb 0x. Switch select. outb 0x. Switch display. outb 0x. Switch DDC. outb 0x. Power down discrete graphics. This uses the IO ports of the . Note: After every suspend/resume, the discrete graphic card is powered up again, so you need to disable it through a command line program, which can be executed automatically on each resume by PM- Utils. If is also possible to dynamically switch from the integrated to the discrete graphics, see the the patch . The second command is just an enable switch. For example, if Windows bootmgfw. Microsoft/Boot/bootmgfw. FAT fs): # grub- probe - -target=fs. Apple's boot. efi is a Universal EFI binary, which is compatible with both i. If your Mac OS X is installed on a partition with File. Vault full- disk encryption, you will not be able to chain load Mac OS X from GRUB. Chainloading BIOS operating systems. You can use appleloader to boot from legacy disk/cdrom/usb: menuentry . Loading Linux. First of all, you need kernel version > =2. You can use the following section in grub. BIOS dump is necessary for certain x. DDC table. Some driver even calls INT 1. VESA BIOS, so the IVT for INT1. To get the BIOS dump, you need to boot into BIOS mode, then use these commands to generate dump files: dd if=/dev/mem of=/boot/vbios. It would create /boot/vbios. In some cases, BIOS dump is not needed (for instance with NVidia proprietary drivers), or BIOS mode is not supported by the hardware (such as Xserve models). Then you need to use fakebios, so that grub would try to mimic a BIOS environment. For Intel cards, you may experience screen distortion in the console mode. To solve this problem, use fix. Enabling framebuffer console. Check whether the framebuffer console (. If it is included as a kernel module (. Then you need to use frame buffer instead. In xorg. conf, use fbdev in Device section, it may look like this: Section . For Mac. Book. Pro. Section . Here are the PCI addresses of the dual- graphics models : Model. Integrated. Discrete. Mac. Book. Pro. 5,x. PCI: 3: 0: 0. PCI: 2: 0: 0. Mac. Book. Pro. 6,x. PCI: 0: 2: 0. PCI: 1: 0: 0. Mac. Book. Pro. 8,x. PCI: 0: 2: 0. PCI: 1: 0: 0. On Mac. Book. Pro. Intel integrated graphics. This is because the Intel drivers do not recognize the double LVDS link to the screen when no BIOS initializes it. Problem is described in this discussion. Please recompile your kernel with the . Linux boot options. In some cases, you need to add these options to linux command line. Since 2. 6. 2. 7, it would only map available RAM, and the EFI runtime needs to be mapped with efi. To workaround this, you need to pass the . However, some models do not need this workaround (eg Mac. Book. Pro. 5,3). Alternatively, you can try the following kernel option, explained in EFI implementation bugs : noexec=off. Alternatively, you can try the 3. EFI- related fixes. Boot. Options - Community Help Wiki. Introduction. This page discusses the options available to alter the boot of an installed Ubuntu or an Ubuntu CD. It briefly details the main start options and then focuses on various options to alter the boot process. Changing the boot command may be necessary to fix problems with system freezes or video displays when trying to install Ubuntu. It may also be helpful when an existing installation will not boot or otherwise needs adjustment. Some remedies, such as using the F1- F6 keys, are specific to the CD boot process. Other procedures, such as editing the boot menu lines, can be used on either the Live. CD or on an installed system. This screen will remain visible until a selection is made. The user may use the system, install applications and drivers, connect to the Internet, access other partitions, and use many of Ubuntu's features. Changes made during the session are not persistent. Any changes made will be lost when the user exits Ubuntu. Install Ubuntu. Clicking on the install button or double- clicking a language selection will start the installation process. For more information on the installing Ubuntu, refer to .. Ubuntu CD Advanced Welcome Page Options. As the CD boots, the user can gain access to the advanced page and its options by pressing any key when the small logo appears at the bottom of your screen: Here is the advanced welcome page: Here is a brief explanation of each main option: Try Ubuntu without installing. Ubuntu will attempt to identify and use system hardware and allow the user to connect to the Internet. Default software such as Open. Office and Firefox are available and the user can install additional software via Internet download. At the end of a Live. Cd session, unless a installation is completed, none of the changes you have made will be retained. Check disc for defects. Test memory. Initiates a Memtest. Boot from first hard disk. Changing the CD's Default Boot Options. To supplement the main boot options, the F1- F6 keys provide additional information and boot options for special circumstances. These options are accessed by pressing any key before the Welcome screen appears. Pressing the ESC key or selecting a language will display the main screen. Although they are not normally needed, these options provide additional assistance in getting the CD to boot for a variety of issues. Any changes made will affect the current boot only and must be made each time the CD is booted. F1. Help index presenting information regarding prerequisites for running Ubuntu, boot methods and special boot parameters. Special Information: F1 > F6 & F7 After pressing F1, pressing the F6 or F7 key provides additional information which might be useful for users having problems booting the CD. F1, then F6: Kernel parameters for booting IBM PS1, disabling USB ports, computers locking up during boot, and more. F1, then F7: Kernel parameters for Adaptec, Bus. Logic and certain Dell hardware. This displays the same screen as is presented initially. Keymap selections by country. Use this option when a specific driver must be loaded to allow installation or booting to the Live. CD Desktop. Once Ubuntu is installed or booted, the user can permanently install the required drivers. Accessibility Options. Various options to assist users with visual impairment, as well as an onscreen keyboard option and keyboard modifiers. To employ these features use the arrow keys to highlight the option and press ENTER. Repeat this for each additional option desired. To remove all options, highlight . Selected options will be loaded during boot. Look for Assistive Technologies and at- spi in Synaptic. ACPI (Advanced Configuration and Power Interface) and EDD (Enhanced Disk Drive) options which may help if your computer does not support or has problems with these systems. Highlight the selection and press the ENTER key or SPACE key to select it. Multiple items can be selected from this popup menu. Hit ESC to leave the popup menu. The selections are retained at the time the user presses the ESC key. In addition to displaying preset boot options, pressing the F6 key also opens the . In addition to displaying a popup menu, the F6 key also activates in- line editing of the boot command. Pressing F6 brings up the popup menu. Pressing ESC, whether selections were made or not, removes the popup window but opens the boot command for editing. The command scrolls off to the left to leave the right end available for appending. The user may add additional inputs before or after the . Allow one space between each additional input. Often you would like to copy the boot option to the target system, so add the option at the very end of the line, after the . This link describes a new way to use a boot option. Sometimes it must be entered twice, before and after the delimiter . We find it in Ubuntu Server 1. Ubuntu mini. iso file with the version 1. Editing the boot command line. Press ESC to remove the popup screen. The boot command line is now available for editing and will remain so as long as no popup menu is visible. If entering multiple options leave a space between each entry. The command will be executed when ENTER is pressed and the boot sequence will begin. The F1- F6 keys will still respond and the user can make additional menu selections. The command line will be accessible for appending until ENTER is pressed. Pressing ENTER will start the boot sequence. Above is an example of adding the vga=7. Boot Options line. After Ubuntu is installed on a system the user should make the appropriate graphics mode entries in the Grub 2 configuration files. Changing boot options Temporarily for an Existing Installation. See the Grub. 2 page. Changing boot options Permanently for an Existing Installation. This can be done by : Common Kernel Options. This list is not comprehensive but it contains some common boot options which may be added to the end of the boot command. Option. Impact vga=xxx Set your framebuffer resolution to VESA mode xxx. Check here for a list of possible modes. This may prove very useful, for example, if your computer does not support ACPI or if you think the ACPI implementation might cause some problems (for instance random reboots or system lockups). This parameter overrides acpi=off and can also be used with current hardware if the ACPI support is not activated despite apm=off. Can be useful in case of hardware interrupt issues. Option two modifies the list of supported OS interface strings (changes the OS compatibility reported to the BIOS). Necessary on some broken BIOSes to make temperature/fan control work. See Also. Category. ![]() This is so good.I just wish there was a torrent with all of these included. It's a pain downloading them individually and trying to guess which songs are in which part. 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APA style is a format for academic documents such as journal articles and books. It is modified in the style guide of the American Psychological Association (APA), titled the Publication Manual of the American Psychological. Our 6th Edition APA Referencing Generator is a free tool that allows users to automatically create APA References and in-text Citations. DOIs are an attempt to provide stable, long- lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many- but not all- publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document. Note that some online bibliographies provide an article's DOI but may . Find DOI's from print publications or ones that go to dead links with Cross. Ref. org's . Title of Journal, volume number, page range. ![]() Toward effective poster presentations: An annotated bibliography. European Journal of Marketing, 4. Playing with technology: Mother- toddler interaction scores lower during play with electronic toys. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 3. Remember that one goal of citations is to provide your readers with enough information to find the article; providing the journal home page aids readers in this process. Author, A. Title of Journal, volume number. Retrieved from http: //www. Kenneth, I. A Buddhist response to the nature of human rights. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 8. Retrieved from http: //www. Article from a Database. Please note: APA states that including database information in citations is not necessary because databases change over time (p. However, the OWL still includes information about databases for those users who need database information. When referencing a print article obtained from an online database (such as a database in the library), provide appropriate print citation information (formatted just like a . By providing this information, you allow people to retrieve the print version if they do not have access to the database from which you retrieved the article. You can also include the item number or accession number or database URL at the end, but the APA manual says that this is not required. If you are citing a database article that is available in other places, such as a journal or magazine, include the homepage's URL. ![]() You may have to do a web search of the article's title, author, etc. For articles that are easily located, do not provide database information. If the article is difficult to locate, then you can provide database information. For more about citing articles retrieved from electronic databases, see pages 1. Publication Manual. Author, A. Title of Journal, volume number, page range. Retrieved from http: //www. Smyth, A. A study of enjoyment of peas. Journal of Abnormal Eating, 8(3), 1. Retrieved from http: //www. Abstract. If you only cite an abstract but the full text of the article is also available, cite the online abstract as any other online citations, adding . However, if the full text is not available, you may use an abstract that is available through an abstracts database as a secondary source. Paterson, P. How well do young offenders with Asperger Syndrome cope in custody?: Two prison case studies . British Journal of Learning Disabilities, 3. Hendricks, J., Applebaum, R., & Kunkel, S. Bridging the gap between theory and applied social gerontology. Gerontologist, 5. Abstract retrieved from Abstracts in Social Gerontology database. Newspaper Article. Author, A. Retrieved from http: //www. Parker- Pope, T. Psychiatry handbook linked to drug industry. Retrieved from http: //well. Use the following format if the book you are using is only provided in a digital format or is difficult to find in print. If the work is not directly available online or must be purchased, use . For books available in print form and electronic form, include the publish date in parentheses after the author's name. For references to e- book editions, be sure to include the type and version of e- book you are referencing (e. If DOIs are available, provide them at the end of the reference. De Huff, E. Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http: //digital. Davis, J. Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http: //www. Kindle Books. To cite Kindle (or other e- book formats) you must include the following information: The author, date of publication, title, e- book version, and either the Digital Object Identifer (DOI) number, or the place where you downloaded the book. Please note that the DOI/place of download is used in- place of publisher information. Here’s an example: Stoker, B. Retrieved from Amazon. Chapter/Section of a Web Document or Online Book Chapter. Author, A. In Title of book or larger document (chapter or section number). Retrieved from http: //www. Engelshcall, R. In Apache HTTP Server version 1. Apache modules). Retrieved from http: //httpd. Change in the Nineties. Du. Bois (Eds.), A century of growth in America. Retrieved from Gold. Star database. NOTE: Use a chapter or section identifier and provide a URL that links directly to the chapter section, not the home page of the Web site. Online Book Reviews. Cite the information as you normally would for the work you are quoting. Provide the web address after the words . If the review comes from a subscription service or database, write . Retrieved from http: //www. Zachareck- t. html? Castle, G. New millennial Joyce . Modern Fiction Studies, 5. Available from Project MUSE Web site: http: //muse. Dopamine D3 receptor: A neuroprotective treatment target in Parkinson's disease. Retrieved from Pro. Quest Digital Dissertations. When no byline is present, move the entry name to the front of the citation. Provide publication dates if present or specify (n. Feminism. Retrieved from http: //www. EBchecked/topic/7. Online Bibliographies and Annotated Bibliographies. J. HIV/AIDS and HCV in Prisons: A Select Annotated Bibliography. Retrieved from http: //www. Indiana income limits . Retrieved from http: //www. Datasets/IL/IL0. 8/in. Interactive Maps and Other Graphic Representations of Data)Give the name of the researching organization followed by the date. In brackets, provide a brief explanation of what type of data is there and in what form it appears. Finally, provide the project name and retrieval information. Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment. Solar Spectral Data Access from the SIM, SOLSTICE, and XPS Instruments. Retrieved from http: //lasp. If an audio file or transcript is available online, use the following model, specifying the medium in brackets (e. Retrieved from Johnson Space Center Oral Histories Project Web site: http: // www. Power. Point slides, Word document). Hallam, A. Duality in consumer theory . Retrieved from Lecture Notes Online Web site: http: //www. Hallam/index. html. Roberts, K. Federal regulations of chemicals in the environment . Retrieved from http: //siri. Nonperiodical Web Document or Report. List as much of the following information as possible (you sometimes have to hunt around to find the information; don't be lazy. If there is a page like http: //www. URL to http: //www. Author, A. Retrieved from http: //Web address. Angeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderland, L., & Brizee, A. Retrieved from http: //owl. NOTE: When an Internet document is more than one Web page, provide a URL that links to the home page or entry page for the document. Also, if there isn't a date available for the document use (n. To cite a You. Tube video, the APA recommends following the above format. Computer Software/Downloaded Software. Do not cite standard office software (e. Word, Excel) or programming languages. Provide references only for specialized software. Ludwig, T. New York: Worth. Software that is downloaded from a Web site should provide the software’s version and year when available. Hayes, B., Tesar, B., & Zuraw, K. OTSoft: Optimality Theory Software (Version 2. Available from http: //www. E- mail. E- mails are not included in the list of references, though you parenthetically cite them in your main text: (E. Robbins, personal communication, January 4, 2. Online Forum or Discussion Board Posting. Include the title of the message, and the URL of the newsgroup or discussion board. Please note that titles for items in online communities (e. Dynamo theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Illustration of the dynamo mechanism that creates the Earth's magnetic field: convection currents of magma in the Earth's outer core, driven by heat flow from the inner core, organized into rolls by the Coriolis force, creates circulating electric currents, which generate the magnetic field. The dynamo theory describes the process through which a rotating, convecting, and electrically conducting fluid can maintain a magnetic field over astronomical time scales. A dynamo is thought to be the source of the Earth's magnetic field, as well as the magnetic fields of other planets. History of theory. In 1. 91. 9, Joseph Larmor proposed that a dynamo might be generating the field. Einstein believed that there might be an asymmetry between the charges of the electron and proton so that the Earth's magnetic field would be produced by the entire Earth. The Nobel Prize winner Patrick Blackett did a series of experiments looking for a fundamental relation between angular momentum and magnetic moment, but found none. Elsasser, considered a . He revealed the history of the Earth's magnetic field through pioneering the study of the magnetic orientation of minerals in rocks. In order to maintain the magnetic field against ohmic decay (which would occur for the dipole field in 2. The convection is likely some combination of thermal and compositional convection. The mantle controls the rate at which heat is extracted from the core. Heat sources include gravitational energy released by the compression of the core, gravitational energy released by the rejection of light elements (probably sulfur, oxygen, or silicon) at the inner core boundary as it grows, latent heat of crystallization at the inner core boundary, and radioactivity of potassium, uranium and thorium. Initial models are focused on field generation by convection in the planet's fluid outer core. It was possible to show the generation of a strong, Earth- like field when the model assumed a uniform core- surface temperature and exceptionally high viscosities for the core fluid. Tions between Earth’s core, magnetic field, mantle, and surface and to investigate why Earth differs from other planets, or how it may change in the future. Why does Earth have plate tectonics and. Claim CD701: The earth's magnetic field is decaying at a rate indicating that the earth must be young. Origin and destiny of Earth's magnetic field, ICR Technical Monograph No. Reversals of the Earth's. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD From a knowledge of the mass of the earth and its moment of inertia and from an analysis of seismic data Bullenl has reconstructed a pressure-density curve for the earth's interior. The outer core of the earth. Gyrocompass Effect And The Origin Of The Earth's Magnetic Field Low Yuen Wang (Malaysia) How the earth produces its magnetic field is a long-standing puzzle. Many theories have been proposed for the explanation of the earth's magnetic field. Bibcode:2008PhT.61b.31H. The magnetic field of the earth: paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. Animation 9.4: A Bar Magnet in the Earth’s Magnetic Field.9-27 9.6 Magnetic Materials.9-28. Sources of Magnetic Fields 9.1 Biot-Savart Law Currents which arise due to the motion of charges are the source of magnetic fields. When charges move in aI. School of Physics- 2004 1 ADV L13 Earth’s Magnetic Field Lecture outline: The Earth as a magnet Strength of the Earth’s Magnetic Field Origin of the Earth’s Magnetic Field Solar Wind and Modification of Field Radiation Belts Aurora School of Physics- 2004 2 ADV. Origin Of Earth Magnetic Field Pdf FilesComputations which incorporated more realistic parameter values yielded magnetic fields that were less Earth- like, but also point the way to model refinements which may ultimately lead to an accurate analytic model. Slight variations in the core- surface temperature, in the range of a few millikelvins, result in significant increases in convective flow and produce more realistic magnetic fields. This theory is used to explain the presence of anomalously long- lived magnetic fields in astrophysical bodies. The conductive fluid in the geodynamo is liquid iron in the outer core, and in the solar dynamo is ionized gas at the tachocline. Origin Of Earth Magnetic Field Pdf ReaderDynamo theory of astrophysical bodies uses magnetohydrodynamic equations to investigate how the fluid can continuously regenerate the magnetic field. It was once believed that the dipole, which comprises much of the Earth's magnetic field and is misaligned along the rotation axis by 1. This means that dynamo theory was originally used to explain the Sun's magnetic field in its relationship with that of the Earth. However, this hypothesis, which was initially proposed by Joseph Larmor in 1. Also, the application of the theories of Carl Friedrich Gauss to magnetic observations showed that Earth's magnetic field had an internal, rather than external, origin. There are three requisites for a dynamo to operate: An electrically conductive fluid medium. Kinetic energy provided by planetary rotation. ![]() An internal energy source to drive convective motions within the fluid. A requirement for the induction of field is a rotating fluid. Rotation in the outer core is supplied by the Coriolis effect caused by the rotation of the Earth. The Coriolis force tends to organize fluid motions and electric currents into columns (also see Taylor columns) aligned with the rotation axis. Induction or creation of magnetic field is described by the induction equation. The ratio of the second term on the right hand side to the first term gives the Magnetic Reynolds number, a dimensionless ratio of advection of magnetic field to diffusion. Tidal heating supporting a dynamo. This is known as tidal heating, and it helps keep the interior liquid. A liquid interior that can conduct electricity is required to produce a dynamo. Saturn's Enceladus and Jupiter's Io have enough tidal heating to liquify their inner cores, but they may not create a dynamo because they cannot conduct electricity. This method cannot provide the time variable behavior of a fully nonlinear chaotic dynamo but is useful in studying how magnetic field strength varies with the flow structure and speed. Using Maxwell's equations simultaneously with the curl of Ohm's Law, one can derive what is basically the linear eigenvalue equation for magnetic fields (B) which can be done when assuming that the magnetic field is independent from the velocity field. One arrives at a critical magnetic Reynolds number above which the flow strength is sufficient to amplify the imposed magnetic field, and below which it decays. The most functional feature of kinematic dynamo theory is that it can be used to test whether a velocity field is or is not capable of dynamo action. By applying a certain velocity field to a small magnetic field, it can be determined through observation whether the magnetic field tends to grow or not in reaction to the applied flow. If the magnetic field does grow, then the system is either capable of dynamo action or is a dynamo, but if the magnetic field does not grow, then it is simply referred to as non- dynamo. The membrane paradigm is a way of looking at black holes that allows for the material near their surfaces to be expressed in the language of dynamo theory. Nonlinear dynamo theory. In that case the velocity field becomes affected by the Lorentz force, and so the induction equation is no longer linear in the magnetic field. In most cases this leads to a quenching of the amplitude of the dynamo. Such dynamos are sometimes also referred to as hydromagnetic dynamos. A minimum of 5 equations are needed. The induction equation, see above. Often the pressure is the dynamic pressure, with the hydrostatic pressure and centripetal potential removed. These equations are then non- dimensionalized, introducing the non- dimensional parameters,Ra=g. Magnetic field scaling is often in Elsasser number units B=(. For decades, theorists were confined to kinematic dynamo models described above, in which the fluid motion is chosen in advance and the effect on the magnetic field calculated. Kinematic dynamo theory was mainly a matter of trying different flow geometries and seeing whether they could sustain a dynamo. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2. 1 October 2. Reports of the British Association. October 1. 91. 9).^Nye, Mary Jo (1 March 1. Blackett and the earth's magnetism, 1. The British Journal for the History of Science. However, they do not provide details on where he made this statement.^Sanders, Robert (2. Roberts (4 October 2. Nature Publishing Group. Bibcode: 2. 00. 9Nat. Ge.. 2. 8. 02. S. Nature Publishing Group. Bibcode: 2. 00. 9Nat. Ge.. 2. 7. 41. B. The Earth as a Distant Planet: A Rosetta Stone for the Search of Earth- Like Worlds (Astronomy and Astrophysics Library). Retrieved 1. 7 July 2. Retrieved August 1. Astrogeology Science Center. Retrieved August 1. Carnegie Institution for Science. Retrieved August 1. University of California. Retrieved August 1. The Astrophysical Journal. Bibcode: 1. 95. 5Ap. J.. 1. 22. 2. 93. P. Reviews of Geophysics. Bibcode: 2. 00. 2Rv. Geo. 4. 0. 1. 01. K. Bibcode: 1. 99. Ph. Pl.. 2. 1. 42. K. Bibcode: 1. 99. Natur. 3. 77. 2. 03. G. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors. Bibcode: 1. 99. 5PEPI.. G. Demorest, Paul (2. May 2. 00. 1). Retrieved 1. October 2. 01. 1. Fitzpatrick, Richard (1. May 2. 00. 2). University of Texas at Austin. Retrieved 1. 4 October 2. Merrill, Ronald T.; Mc. Elhinny, Michael W.; Mc. Fadden, Phillip L. The magnetic field of the earth: Paleomagnetism, the core, and the deep mantle. ISBN 9. 78- 0- 1. The Great Magnet, the Earth. Retrieved 1. 4 October 2. The Great Magnet, the Earth. Retrieved 1. 4 October 2. |
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